2026, volume 22

The article presents biographical information about Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Grigoriy E. Brill, refecting information about his biography and work activity.

Objective: to assess morphological changes in periodontal tissues in animals with experimental periodontitis under the infuence of a gel containing alginate microcapsules loaded with vitamin D. Material and methods. The experiment was performed on 30 white rats divided into 3 groups: a comparison group, a “placebo” group (gel with microcapsules without active components), and an experimental group (gel with microcapsules loaded with vitamin D). At the 5th week, a morphological study of the sagittal and transverse sections of the supporting apparatus of the teeth was performed. Results. In the comparison group, periodontal tissue destruction was detected with the formation of deep pockets, bone tissue resorption, vascular dilation with signs of blood sludge separation, circular ligament disintegration, and lymphocytic infltration. In the placebo group, there was a slight decrease in the depth of periodontal pockets and the degree of bone resorption compared to the comparison group, but microcirculatory disorders and infammatory infltration persisted. Application of the gel with vitamin D led to the improvement of blood flling of the vessels, the reduction of the depth of periodontal pockets, and the partial restoration of the structure of the bone alveolus. Conclusion. The gel with microcapsules loaded with vitamin D efectively corrects destructive changes of the bone tissue of the alveolus, microcirculatory disorders and structural changes of the circular ligament of the tooth in experimental periodontitis and is more efective than the analogue without active components.

Objective: to assess the comparative efectiveness of two approaches to sex estimation: visual expert assessment and the cranial morphological scoring method proposed by A. Klales and S. Cole. Material and methods. The study examined 159 adult skulls of documented sex. The material comprised two cranial series from the collection of the Kirov Military Medical Academy. Five ordinal cranial traits (glabella, nuchal crest, mastoid process, supraorbital margin, and mental eminence) were scored according to the Klales and Cole method, to which original additions were proposed. The resulting scores were used both for expert assessment and for algorithmic classifcation employing a random forest model implemented in MorphoPASSE. The data obtained was interpreted by experts and using the MorphoPASSE program. Results. The most informative feature is the glabella (84% accuracy), followed by the mastoid process (75%), the supraorbital margin (68%), the chin elevation (68%) and the external occipital protrusion (67%). In both series, higher accuracy rates were recorded on male turtles (up to 97.6%). The most accurate estimates of determining the sex of female skulls (up to 85.1%) were achieved using a machine learning algorithm. The accuracy of the expert assessment and the MorphoPASSE program in the total sample was 83.6%. Conclusion. The original additions of the Kleils-Cole methodology proposed by us increase the accuracy of expert assessments of female skulls by 12%. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the MorphoPASSE program can be used in modern studies of the skulls of the Eastern European population.

Objective: to determine the age-related variability of the linear dimensions of the piriform aperture and choans, and their correlations in individuals aged 1–21 years, using cranial measurements as an anatomical basis for planning endonasal interventions. Material and methods. By the method of craniometry, 87 skulls 1–21 years old were obtained linear dimensions of the piriform aperture and choans. The material is divided into 6 groups by age periods: infant age (n=13), early childhood (n=23), frst childhood (n=15), second childhood (n=14), adolescence (n=12), youth (n=10). Results. The growth of nasal cavity structures is uneven: the average values of the height and width of the piriform aperture up to 8–12 years do not have statistical diferences, making up 54.6 and 74.3% of the juvenile size in infancy, the height of the choans increases from 2–3 years, its width – from 8–12 years to juvenile age, increasing by 75.1 and 57%, respectively. Direct strong correlations of the height of the piriform aperture with the parameters of the choans have been revealed. Conclusion. The obtained craniometric data indicate uneven age-related variability of linear dimensions of the piriform aperture and choans in individuals aged 1–21 years. The most pronounced increase in the height of the choans is observed after infancy from 2–3 years, whereas the width of the choans and the dimensions of the piriform aperture demonstrate a later growth after 7 years. Strong correlations between the width of the piriform aperture and the size of the choans in younger age groups can be considered as an anatomical basis for planning endonasal interventions, but they do not replace individual preoperative imaging.

Objective: To identify age-related variability in the anatomical and morphometric parameters of the maxillary sinuses (depth, width, and height) in men and to determine the specifc features of this variability in diferent skull types. Material and methods. Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 279 healthy men aged 22–74 years were analyzed. To assess age-related morphological variability, the subjects were divided into the following 3 groups: 22–35, 36–60, and 61–74 years. Skull types were determined according to the cranial index: dolichocranial (≤74.9), mesocrani-al (75.0–79.9), and brachycranial (≥80.0). The maximum width, height, and depth of the right and left maxillary sinuses were measured in standard planes. Results. Men with the brachycranial skull type demonstrated the greatest values of maxillary sinus width and height in all age groups (p<0.001). The smallest transverse dimensions were characteristic of elderly men with dolichocranial and mesocranial skull types (p<0.001). In mature and elderly brachycranial individuals, the smallest sinus depth was observed (p<0.001). In all age groups, asymmetry in sinus height was detected, with predominance on the right side (p<0.001). A tendency toward a decrease in sinus depth with age was noted. Conclusion. The anatomical and morphometric parameters of the maxillary sinuses in men demonstrate age-related variability, the nature and degree of which difer depending on the skull type. Age and cranial type are factors determining the variability of maxillary sinus dimensions and should be taken into account in morphological and clinical-anatomical studies.

Objective: to identify the patterns of variability in the spatial location of the holes of the outer base of the skull with diferent forms of its base. Material and methods. Study material – certifed skulls (n=182) of adults (22–60 years old) from the scientifc collection of the Department of Human Anatomy n. a. V.S. Speransky V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University. The spatial position of the holes of the posterior part of the external base of the skull (foramen magnum (FM), jugular foramen (JF), stylomastoid foramen (SF), external foramen of the Hypoglossal canal (FH)) was studied by stereotometry using a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system. As coordinate planes were used: sagittal, Frankfurt (horizontal) and front. Skull fxation and point location were performed using a craniostereobasiometer. Results. Compared to dolichobasilar, in mesobasilar skulls, the abscissa of JF, S F, FH is 6.2–8.5% more, in brachybasilar skulls, the abscissa of these holes (except for the anterior pole, CR increase by another 6.3–9.5% (p<0.05). In dolichobasilar skulls, the posterior poles of FM and JF are located 30.7% (p=0.028) and 27.4% (p=0.037), respectively, farther from the frontal plane than in brachybasilar skulls. Conclusion. With an increase in the basilar index from the dolicho- to brachybasilar shape of the skull, abscissas of the jugular, stylostoid openings, as well as the external opening of the sublingual canal increase. The ordinates of the posterior poles of the large and jugular holes decrease from dolich- to brachybasilar.

Objective: to substantiate the potential of using spiral teaching technology to optimize the study of infectious pathology in the higher medical education system. Review methodology. The systematic review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) methodology, using PubMed, eLibrary, Google Scholar, and CyberLeninka databases. The search depth in electronic databases and citation lists was the period from 2015 until 2025. 32 sources were used to write the review. Conclusion. The spiral curriculum creates a holistic system of integrative knowledge by implementing interdisciplinary connections that ensure the synthesis of clinical experience and the theoretical base acquired during the study of infectious pathology, modifes the learning process.

Objective: to assess the health status and quality of life (QoL) of medical students of the frst year of study at a medical university. Material and methods. The study involved 612 frst-year students of Sechenov University who were enrolled in the “general medicine” specialization program. The medical and social characteristics were assessed using a questionnaire that included 42 questions related to the students’ demographics, lifestyle, academic workload, and knowledge of healthy living and health promotion. The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire was used to evaluate the students’ QoL. The students’ health status was assessed based on the results of their preventive medical examinations. Results. The average age of the respondents was 18.3±1.3 years, the proportion of female students was 73.7%. In the structure of student morbidity, the frst four places were occupied by diseases of the nervous system, the eye and its accessory apparatus, the musculoskeletal system and respiratory organs, which accounted for 53.6% of the total number of detected diseases. The 1st health group and the main physical education group included 37.2% and 35.0% of the total number of students enrolled in the study, respectively. Relatively low indicators of scales characterizing the psychological component of students’ QoL have been revealed. The medians of the summary physical and psychological components were 95.0 and 54.0 points, respectively. Conclusion. Negative trends in the health status and QoL of frst-year medical students have been identifed, which can be attributed to the high academic workload and difculties of the adaptation period.

Objective: to evaluate the efectiveness of preventive measures that afect the prevention of the development of postural disorders and obesity in schoolchildren of the younger age group. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of the incidence of children with diseases of the musculoskeletal system (DMSS) and obesity was carried out according to statistical reporting form No. 12 for the period 2020–2024. Screening examination of schoolchildren for scoliosis (Adams test) and obesity (body mass index according to World Health Organization criteria) was carried out in the process of conducting preventive examinations of students in general education institutions with swimming pools and including swimming lessons from elementary grades. Results. During the period 2020–2024, an increase in the newly reported incidence of DMSS in children was recorded by 10.8% (p=0.05), obesity by 30.1% (p=0.001); and the prevalence of DMSS by 14.8% (p=0.026) and obesity by 27.2% (p=0.001). Regression analysis revealed a strong relationship between the prevalence of DMSS and obesity (r=0.963; R2=0.927; p<0.001). The integration of swimming lessons into the curriculum from grades 1-2 contributes to a signifcant increase in the proportion of students with normal body weight by 12.8% by grade 4 (χ2=4.083; p=0.044) and a decrease in the incidence of scoliosis by 11.0% (χ2=3.571; p=0.05) compared with school students who do not use this format of physical activity. Conclusion. Reliable data on the relationship between the prevalence of DMSS and obesity in children have been obtained. The role of the integration of swimming lessons into the educational process of schoolchildren of the younger age group has been established, afecting the prevention of the development of postural disorders and obesity in students.

Objective: hygienic assessment of practice-oriented student education in modern organizations of secondary vocational education. Material and methods. A hygienic study of the educational and industrial environment was carried out for compliance with SP 2.4.3648-20, SanPiN 1.2.3685-21. The study involved 73 young men aged 16-18 studying at a technical college. The incidence of students was analyzed according to the forms 026/u-2000, 030-PO/u, the typology of the profession was determined according to the questionnaire of E.A. Kli-mov. Results. Based on the professionography, discrepancies in the severity and intensity of industrial training for people under the age of 18 were determined. The predominance of students with chronic diseases was revealed. The processes of professional self-determination were incomplete in 33.3% of cases, and only 38.8% of students were of the “human – technical” professional type, which corresponded to the training profle. Conclusion. From the perspective of preserving the health of college students, it is necessary to monitor the conditions, severity parameters and intensity of modern technical industrial training. The implementation of early practice-oriented college education should be accompanied by medical advice and professional guidance for adolescents.