№3, 2025, volume 21

The scientific biography of the famous scientist, teacher, head of the Department of General Hygiene and Ecology of the V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation Yuri Yu. Eliseev, celebrating his 70th birthday in 2025 is presented in this article.

Objective: to carry out a comparative analysis of the parameters of microcirculation of the gums and structural changes of the periodontium on the model of experimental periodontitis. Material and methods. The animals were divided into 2 groups: a control group of 15 intact animals and an experimental group of 30 rats with experimental periodontitis. Periodontitis was modeled using the ligature method. Microcirculation was studied using laser Doppler flowmetry in animals from the experimental group on days 14, 21, and 35 of the experiment. The rats of the experimental group were removed from the experiment on the days 21 and 35, 15 individuals each. The lower jaw was removed for histological examination. Results. Between days 14 and 21, perfusion continues to increase, increasing by 37% relative to the control. There is a change in the active and passive mechanisms of blood flow modulation. Microscopy shows edema and leukocyte infiltration in its own mucosal plate, mixed hyperemia, and signs of alveolar bone resorption. At week 5 of the experiment, gum perfusion decreased by no more than 5% relative to the control. There is a decrease in the amplitude of respiratory and cardiac oscillations. With the further development of periodontitis in animals, there is a reduction in blood flow, which leads to a decrease in perfusion. Conclusion. The changes in perfusion are comparable to the structural changes in the supporting apparatus of teeth during the development of experimental periodontitis.

Objective: to analyze the indices of immune cells in the blood and the level of proinflammatory cytokines in recovered and deceased patients with severe burns. Material and methods. The study included 45 burn victims with burns covering more than 30% of the body surface area (33 recovered, 12 deceased).The number of immune blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes) and cytokine levels: tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), interleukin 12(IL-12), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were determined. Samples were taken on days 1,3,7, 15, 30 and 45 af-terthe injury. Results. At all control points, an increase in the level of the studied cytokines was observed; on days 1-7, higher levels of TNFa - 0.6 (0.2; 101.0) pg/ml, 8.8 (0.25; 59.0) pg/ml and MCP-1 - 387.5 (147.9; 447.9) pg/ml, 306.8 (154.1; 1210.0) pg/ml were noted, and on days 30-45 - IL-12 - 102.2 (76.3; 148.7) pg/ml, 151.9 (83.5; 162.6) pg/ml. Higher levels of IL-12 and an increase in the number of lymphocytes on days 7-15 from the moment of injury (1.07±0.07; 1.19±0.05) were observed in patients with favorable outcome, and relatively low levels of IL-12 - 27.2 (9.6; 44.5) pg/ml, 32.1 (28.2; 50.7) pg/ml, and high levels of TNF-a-8.8 (0.25; 59) pg/ml, 15.2(0.5; 28.6) pg/ml) and neutrophils (7.67±0.49x109/l; 7.27±0.53><109/l) throughout all stages were more common in the deceased. Conclusion. In patients with severe burns, there is suppression of the parameters of the specific link of immunity (IL-12, the number of lymphocytes), with an increase in the non-specific link (neutrophils, TNF-a). The degree of disturbances depends on the severity and outcome of the injury.

Objective: to evaluate the proportion of leukocytes (CD45+ cells) and T-lymphocytes (CD3+ cells) in the liver during physical activity of varying degrees with and without meldonium. Material and methods. The experiments were conducted on male Wistar rats, which performed physical activity of varying intensity. Meldonium was added to the diet of experimental animals at a rate of 100-120 mg/kg of weight during water loading. After the end of the experiment, liver samples were taken, sections were prepared, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and an immunohistochemical (IHC) reaction was performed for CD45+ and CD3+ cell markers. Results. During heavy physical exertion, the proportion of CD45+ and CD3+ liver parenchyma cells increased by 3.2 and 2.9 times and perivascularly by 3 and 6.3 times (p=0.001) compared to the intact group. After the use of meldonium during heavy physical exertion, the percentage of CD45+ cells decreased in the liver parenchyma and perivascularly by 1.8 times (p=0.008), the proportion of CD3 cells decreased by 1.7 times in the liver parenchyma (p=0.001) and around the vessels by 2.3 times (p=0.004) when comparing data with intact animals. Histologically, inflammation and alterative changes in the liver tissue decreased. Conclusion. The use of meldonium during heavy physical exertion led to a decrease in the percentage of CD45+ and CD3+ cells due to a decrease in the degree of inflammatory infiltration of the liver tissue and the severity of the destructive process.

Objective: to determine the morphometric parameters of the auricle and their relationships in dolichocephalic girls. Material and methods. The work used 86 photographs of the right auricle of dolichocephalic girls. 13 morphometric parameters were determined, including: the height of the auricle, the position of the apex of the tragus, the bottom of the intertragal notch, the most protruding anterior edge of the helix and the posterior one-at the level of the apex of the tragus, the height of the ear lobe and the area of the selected sectors. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted. Results. The paper presents the average values of morphometric indices of the auricle of dolichocephalic girls and 27 formulas of simple and complex regression characterizing the identified relationships between the indices. The strongest relationship was established between the position of the apex of the tragus and the bottom of the intertragal notch (r=0.77), the size of the area of the outer part of the auricle and the position of the posterior edge of the helix at the level of the tragus (r=0.79). Conclusion. A database of morphometric and mathematical indicators describing the structure of the auricle of dolichocephalic girls and their relationships has been created. Statistically significant relationships between auricle parameters of different strengths have been identified, which formed the basis of regression equations that make it possible to predict the value of one parameter based on another.

Objective: to assess the potential of whole cocoa beans for creating functional food products with preserved bioactive properties. Material and methods. A comprehensive analysis of the chemical composition of cocoa beans was performed to determine macronutrients and minor biologically active substances. The methods of high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet, refractometry, and Kjeldahl were used. Results. It was found that the content of a number of biologically active compounds, namely: methylxanthines - 7.93 mg/g, polyphenols - 6.98 mg/g, procyanidins- 5.62 mg/g. The content of theobromine is 7.53 mg/g, caffeine -2.11 mg/g. in terms of the total amount of polyphenols is 698 per 100 g of cocoa beans, provides the daily requirement for such minor biologically active compounds as polyphenols and phenolic compounds (700-800 mg/day). Thus, to ensure the antioxidant function, it is enough to consume 15 g of natural cocoa beans per day, which allows us to talk about the prospects for their use in the industry of functional foods intended for disease prevention. Conclusion. The study confirms the prospects of using whole cocoa beans for the creation of functional food products. The search for new biotechnological solutions for the industrial application of whole cocoa beans will allow the use of a natural complex of compounds for the maintaning of human health.

Objective: to assess the physical development of students with hearing impairment. Material and methods. The study includes 121 students in educational institutions in Moscow, 14-18 years old with disabilities (57 girls and 64 boys). Standard anthropometry and tools were used to assess body length and weight, BMI (according to regional standards and Dedov nomograms), muscle strength of the hands (dynamometry of the right/left hand with the calculation of the asymmetry coefficient) and vital capacity of the lungs (according to age standards). Results. Normal physical development is characteristic of less than 50% of those examined, with more than a third being overweight. Overweight is more often recorded among boys (especially at 14-18 years old - up to 38%), among girls - a deficit (up to 33% at 15 years old). The most pronounced fluctuations in BMI, including obesity (12-13%), were noted at the sensitive age of 15 years. Measurement of the muscular strength of the hands revealed a clear decrease in indicators below the average level in most students (58-69%) after 16 years. Although normal asymmetry of hand strength prevailed (50-100%), a significant part (up to 25% of girls, 12% of boys 15-18 years old) recorded a pronounced asymmetry. VC rates were predominantly above average (62-93%) in all groups except for girls 17-18 years of age. Conclusion. Significant deviations in the physical development of students with hearing impairment were revealed: overweight and weight deficiency, as well as a clear decrease in the muscle strength of the hands after 16 years.

Pulmonary histiocytosis is a rare disease of the group of interstitial lung lesions of unknown etiology, associated with difficulties in diagnosis and treatment and an uncertain prognosis. We present a clinical case of a combination of tuberculosis and histiocytosis in a young woman. This clinical case demonstrates the difficulties in establishing a correct diagnosis due to the lack of pathognomonic clinical signs, the need for pathomorphological verification of the diagnosis, an unfavorable course of the disease, which, despite the abatement of the tuberculosis process, led to a steady progression of pulmonary histiocytosis with the development of severe respiratory failure, which led to a fatal outcome.

Objective: to analyze clinical and X-ray manifestations of the first detected infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis in those elderly in the Voronezh region for the period 2018-2023. Material and methods. 92 patients with tuberculosis were examined. Patients were divided into groups: group 1 - elderly patients, group 2 - senile patients. Clinical manifestations, X-ray picture of tuberculosis, frequency of mycobacterial excretion, and timely detection of tuberculosis were assessed. Results. Respiratory symptoms in the form of a combination of cough and dyspnea were detected in 52.4% of patients in group 1 (p<0.001) and in 46.4% of patients in group 2 (p=0.002). Intoxication syndrome in the form of weakness was determined in 73.2% of patients in group 1 and in 63.7% of patients in group 2 (p<0.001 in both groups). Bacteriocretion was observed in 76% of cases among both groups of patients (p<0.001). The pathological process in the lungs was unilateral in 67.4% of patients in both groups (p=0.001). With bilateral prevalence of tuberculous changes, damage to both upper lobes was detected in 26 (86.7%) of 30 patients (p<0.001). Conclusion. In the clinical picture of infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis in individuals over 60 years of age, the most common respiratory and intoxication manifestations were cough with dyspnea (group 1 - 52.4%; group 2 - 46.4%) and weakness (group 1 -52.4%; group 2 - 46.4%). Most elderly and senile patients had unilateral lung damage (67.4%). Bacterial excretion was detected in 76% of cases, destruction of lung tissue - in 63.5% of elderly patients and 44.8% of senile patients, which indicates that pulmonary tuberculosis is not detected in a timely manner.

Objective: to improve the algorithm for timely verification of cerebral venous thrombosis, allowing for consistent application of diagnostic research methods in patients who have had COVID-19. Review methodology. 270 publications from the e-Library, Medline, PubMed, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar and Elsevier databases were analyzed using keywords and their combinations: "cerebral venous thrombosis", "COVID-19", "young age", "thrombophilic condition". As a result, the review included 15 sources (for the period from 2020 to 2025 inclusive), the most significant for disclosing this topic. Conclusion. The algorithm for timely verification of cerebral venous thrombosis has been improved, which will allow timely verification of cerebral venous thrombosis and the start of anticoagulant therapy in patients who have undergone COVID-19.