№2, 2025, volume 21

The article presents the history of the student scientific club of radiology in Saratov, established in 1912 by Professor N. E. Shtern on the Saratov University base. The issues of creating a club, the main stages of its formation, directions of activity, scientific work, and the need to optimize student learning are highlighted.

The article presents a brief history of the development of the blood transfusion service in the Saratov region, from its inception and during the Great Patriotic War. Archival documents on the production activities of the staff of the blood transfusion station in the cities of Saratov, Engels, Balakovo and Volsk are presented.

The preventive activities of the Department of General Hygiene of the Saratov Medical Institute during the Great Patriotic war is present here. During this period, the head of the Department of General Hygiene was professor Lev Los. In addition to educational activities, employees of the department took part in sanitary and epidemiological measures, conducted active scientific work, taught sanitary knowledge to the civilian population, participated in agricultural work, and the activities of self-defense teams (fire, emergency response, sanitary, chemical, and law enforcement). The activities carried out by the faculty of the department during the difficult years of the Great Patriotic war played an invaluable role in the development of strategic preventive sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures to effectively combat infectious and non-infectious diseases of the population.

Objective: to determine morphofunctional changes in the kidneys under the influence of new derivatives of α-cyanothioacetamide with anti-inflammatory activity in a chronic experiment. Materials and methods. 80 male rats were divided into 8 individuals in 10 groups, for 10 days they received intragastric aqueous suspensions: group 1 — control (distilled water); group 2 — indomethacin at a dose of 7 mg / kg, group 3 — paracetamol at a dose of 50 mg / kg, group 4 — acetylsalicylic acid at a dose of 50 mg / kg, 5 — nimesulide at a dose of 5 mg / kg, from 6 to 10 — dihydro pyridine derivatives at a dose of 5 mg / kg. On day 11, slaughter was performed, the levels of Na+, K+, and creatinine in the blood were determined, and histological sections of the kidneys were examined. Results. The use of indomethacin, acetylsalicylic acid, and paracetamol led to impaired renal excretory function, contributing to sodium and creatinine retention in the blood. There were no statistically significant significant differences with the indicators of the intact group in the experimental groups after administration of α-cyanothioacetamide derivatives with laboratory codes d02–123, d02–139 and d02–172. These samples also did not reveal the ability to provoke the occurrence of gross structural changes in the renal parenchyma. There was no damage to the renal corpuscles with minor tubular changes. In the group receiving the compound with the d02–123 cipher, a possible potassium-sparing diuretic effect was noted. Con clusion. α-Cyanothioacetamide derivatives with codes d02–123, d02–139 and d02–172 do not contribute to impaired renal excretory function and their structural changes.

Objective: to establish changes in the ultrastructure of osteoapatite of the mandibular ramus in white rats during the readaptation period after 60-day administration of sodium benzoate or tartrazine and to substantiate the possibility of correcting the identified changes with Mexidol or Thiotriazolin. Material and methods. The study involved 245 male rats distributed into intact animals, animals with sodium benzoate or tartrazine administration within 60 days before the beginning of observations and animals administered Mexidol or Thiotriazolin against the background of previous 60-day exposure to sodium benzoate or Mexidol (7 groups in total). Results. Exposure to sodium benzoate and tartrazine led to disturbances of crystal lattice formation expressed throughout all observation periods. Administration of Mexidol against the background of sodium benzoate or tartrazine exposure was accompanied by signs of osteoapatite lattice restoration on 15 and 24 days — microtexture coefficient increased by 4.26 and 3.65% respectively (p<0,05). When using Thiotriazolin under the same conditions the signs of lattice restoration were observed during all observation periods that is by 5.97, 6.25, 5.74, 5.97 and 5.87% (p<0,05). Conclusion. In the study derangement of ultrastructure of biomineral of the mandibular ramus were found. Mexidol and Thiotriazolin have a positive effect on the formation of the crystal lattice, expressed in the restoration of its main parameters when prescribed against the background of chronic exposure to sodium benzoate or tartrazine.

Objective: to determine the indicators of atrial volume in men and women with overweight mesomorphic body type in the first and second periods of adulthood with echocardiography and to identify their correlation with the gender and age of the subject. Material and methods. The analysis of heart ultrasound protocols was carried out in 122 conditionally healthy overweight individuals (body mass index — 29-31), divided into two age groups: group I — 39 men aged 22-35 years and 25 women aged 21-35 years, group II — 26 men aged 36-60 years and 32 women aged 36-55 years. Atrial volumes were measured. Results. The volume of the atria in the first period of adulthood on the right/left in men and women, respectively, is: 46,6±6,4/28,3±2,5 cm; 37,6±5,3/24,6±3,0 cm. The same parameter in the second period of adulthood was: 47,7±5,1/27,8±3,8 cm; 42,5±5,8/23,9±2,0 cm. In all cases, the atria are statistically significantly larger in men (p=0,001). A relationship was established between the volume of the left atrium and the gender of the subject (K/-0.436; p=0,008). During the analysis of the relationship between the atrial volume and age, the following results were obtained: in the group of men —the volume of the right atrium (A=0,032; p=0,846), the volume of the left atrium (A=0,014; p=0,514); in the group of women —the volume of the right atrium (r=0,32; p=0,024), the volume of the left atrium (A=0,088; p=0,539). Conclusion. Mean atrial volume in men in both the first and second periods of adulthood are greater than in women. Gender affects the volume of the left atrium. In men, the left atrium volume is greater than in women. Age does not affect the atrial volumes in men, but it does affect the right atrium volume in women.

Objective: identify the most significant bioengineering and bioinformatics technologies aimed at preserving and strengthening the health of the population. Methodology for writing a review. The systematic review was performed on the PRISMA methodology applying the PubMed, eLibrary, Google Scholar, CyberLeninka databases. The search period was from 2006 to 2025. 50 sources were used to write the review. Conclusion. A review of scientific works suggests a significant potential of the development of bioengineering and bioinformatics technologies to improve population health. Analysis of studies focused on genome editing revealed the emergence of new technologies (CRISPR/Cas9, CAR-T) in the treatment of previously incurable and orphan diseases. Bioinformatics researches, related to the genome/clinic database (TCGA, GWAS), focus on the identifying of risk factors and predictors of human diseases. The modern tendency in regenerative medicine is aimed at the creating of the individual products for tissues and organs recovering (3D-printed models). They help to reduce the rehabilitation periods and return the patients to the working life. At the present, there are pressing issues of assessment the medical, economic and social effectiveness of presented here technologies. They can be integrated into healthcare system after justification of the organizational technologies.

Objective: to evaluate the outcomes of comprehensive treatment in patients who underwent surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis with multidrug resistance, with the inclusion of linezolid and bedaquiline in chemotherapy regimens. Material and methods. A non-randomized, continuous, single-center retrospective study was conducted involving 114 patients who underwent surgery at the National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Health of Russia between 2018 and 2022. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of chemotherapy regimens was carried out in patients with localized and extensive tuberkulosis forms. Results. In 41.6% (n=32/77) of patients with tuberculosis and in 18.9% (n=7/37) with fibrous-cavernous tuberculosis, a statistically significantly higher spectrum of МВТ was detected in the study of resection samples compared with inspiratory materials (p=0.03). The inclusion of linezolid and bedaquiline in the chemotherapy regimen in MDR-TB patients led to a reduction in the duration of postoperative treatment by an average of 14.0±1.3 and 11.1±4.5 weeks in limited forms and by 14.8±3.2 and 14.9±3.7 weeks in common forms of ТВ, compared with chemotherapy regimens that do not include these drugs. Conclusion. The addition of novel anti-tuberculosis drugs such as linezolid and bedaquiline to the chemotherapy regimen for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis can reduce the duration of treatment for both localized and extensive forms of the disease.

Objective: to identify the biological mechanisms that most significantly influence the aggressive progression of tuberculosis, including the relationship between metabolic disorders, immune response, and the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to drugs, considering current scientific understanding of the disease's pathogenesis. Methodology for writing a review. The study is based on materials from both Russian and international databases, including PubMed, Scopus, eLibrary and others. From an initial selection of 213 publications covering the period from 2019 to 2024, 43 of the most relevant works were chosen. Conclusion. The results of the study show that the progression of aggressive forms of tuberculosis depends on the complex interaction between metabolic disorders, immune response abnormalities, and the development of M. tuberculosis resistance to therapeutic drugs. These interconnected processes play a central role in the worsening of the disease, emphasizing the need for the implementation of comprehensive strategies for more effective treatment and prevention.

Objective: to analyze postural balance parameters in the quiet standing position in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) using stabilometric assessment and to evaluate the impact of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on postural control regulation. Material and methods. Ninety-four patients diagnosed with CCI stage 1-2 were examined. All participants underwent stabilometric testing and cardiorespiratory monitoring with calculation of the apnea — hypopnea index (AHI). Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 — CCI with AHK15 (n=44); Group 2 — CCI with AHI>15 (n=50). Balance assessment in quiet standing was performed using the MBN-Stabilo system (MBN, Russia). Results. In patients with CCI, the quiet standing posture was characterized by asymmetry in the frontal plane and an anterior shift of the center of pressure (CoP). In Group 2, this forward displacement was more pronounced (p=0.004) and accompanied by significantly greater CoP sway area (p=0.03), amplitude (p=0.001), and velocity (p<0.001). A positive correlation was observed between AHI and anterior CoP displacement (rs=0.44; p=0.02). Conclusion. Patients with CCI exhibit postural instability in quiet standing, including anterior CoP displacement and instability in the sagittal plane. The presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with AHI>15 is associated with more pronounced forward CoP shift and increased amplitude, velocity, and area of postural sway.